| Written by Michal Wozniakowski-Zehenter
Understanding Mine Access
Mine access refers to the system, processes, and measures put in place to control entry into mining areas. Whether underground or open-pit mines, it has much to do with controlling who enters by what means and at what time. In both types, access management for such purposes may serve a number of reasons: facilitating operational efficiency, keeping workers safe, controlling unauthorized access, and looking after valuable resources. Yet, such measures of access control have to be specifically developed for each type of mine since the risks and challenges facing underground and open-pit mining operations differ so much.
Underground Mine Access
The underground mining process provides access to deposits buried much below the earth's surface. Depending on the nature and type of mineral deposit, it usually requires one or more of the following: tunnels, shafts, and ramps to lower and access the deposits. Because of the confined and hazardous environment of the area, underground mines are very accessible to several challenges. The most critical concern is ensuring the safety of the people working and the machinery-possible hazards include rock falls, gas leaks, and poor ventilation.
One of the big challenges with underground mine access is to provide for efficient and safe movement within the mine. An underground mine may span over wide areas with a complex network of tunnels and shafts, making navigation and transportation of materials difficult. There is a high possibility of accidents in the form of falls or collisions in such an environment; therefore, strict access control and well-planned safety protocols have to be put in place. Besides, the threats of fire, flooding, or ground instability in underground mines complicate the continuous task of access management.
Another challenge related to toxic gas exposure is methane, hydrogen sulfide, or carbon monoxide. Poorly ventilated underground spaces will allow these gases to accumulate and represent serious health risks to workers. Consequently, there is frequently a need for gas monitoring in the management of access to underground mines and the availability of PPE to personnel, including self-rescue devices, gas masks, or breathing apparatuses.
In this regard, admission to an underground mine should not be controlled just by the presence of a physical portal but, rather, based on the training and certification of personnel for admission into dangerous areas. Only those individuals who have undergone proper safety training and are adequately equipped with protective tools shall be admitted to dangerous areas, especially those prone to rock falls or gas leakage.
Apart from the safety threats emanating from the physical environment, mining operations equally face security threats. There are severe mine security threats that include unauthorized access, leading to theft, vandalism, or sabotage. Valuable resources, mining equipment, and datasets are usually kept at mining sites; hence, they become a focal point for criminal activities within and around such areas. In some regions, the threat to mining operations may also be in the form of organized crimes or other insurgent groups that try to steal the minerals. Besides physical threats, security threats are also found in the form of digital systems in mines. In the present scenario, mining operations have expanded their control over digital technologies: process automation, data collection, and remote monitoring. Correspondingly, there are also concerns related to the mining industry due to cyber threats in the form of hacking, ransomware, and data breaches.
Human error is another major contributing factor to the accidents and incidents that occur in mining. Workers may involuntarily enter dangerous areas without the necessary equipment or training or may merely fail to adhere to set safety precautions. Access control systems should be designed in a way that minimizes human error by the usage of automated systems, such as biometric scanners, which ensure persons entering restricted areas meet all requirements.
Access to Open-Pit Mines
Open-pit mining, in contrast, involves extracting minerals from the surface and using massive pits to reach ore deposits. Although open-pit mines do not pose confined-space hazards, they are nonetheless plagued by their own unique access control challenges. The huge sizes characteristic of open-pit mines, along with the large machines and explosives engaged in such operations, pose serious safety risks.
Access to open-pit mines should be carefully controlled in order to avoid accidents from large-scale equipment such as haul trucks, shovels, and draglines. These vehicles constantly operate inside the mine and are hazardous for personnel on foot or in smaller vehicles. In this regard, control of access to the areas of the pit should be extremely regulated, considering rules for traffic management, areas with pedestrian designations, and restrictions for vehicles.
Another critical factor in open-pit mine access control involves handling explosives. Most open-pit mines heavily use explosive blasting to break up rock and enable access to a mineral deposit (see also: The largest open pit mines in the world). These blasting operations are highly regulated and dangerous, and access to the blasting zones should be strictly limited to qualified personnel. In addition, it is necessary to closely ascertain the movement of workers and equipment to avoid exposure to flying debris or misfires during blasting operations.
It is also at the mercy of these environmental conditions, with weather extremes bringing heavy rains, which may cause flooding or landslides, and high winds, which can fly debris. Access control for open-pit mines has to consider the need for constant monitoring of weather forecasts so that appropriate measures can be instituted before personnel are allowed into such conditions.
CHALLENGES AND HAZARDS IN MINE ACCESS
The nature of mining environments introduces many hazards and challenges, whether underground or open-pit. Effective access control will help reduce those risks and guarantee safe and efficient mining operations. The subsequent section explores some of the most common hazards and challenges facing mines in terms of access.
Mining is a hazardous operation based on the physical environment in which the processes take place. In underground mines, toxic gases can build up in confined spaces because of minimal ventilation; thus, they pose serious health and safety problems for workers. Apart from that, the risk of a cave-in or rock fall may always occur in an underground mine, especially in areas with unstable surrounding rock. The access control system in underground mines must account for all these hazards, allowing access only to permitted and suitably equipped for such risky areas.
The large scale of operations in open-pit mines brings their own environmental hazards. Ongoing hazards include vehicle collisions, heavy machinery accidents, and blasts or flyrock exposure. Inclement weather may further exacerbate these risks: heavy rain can flood or cause landslides, and high winds increase the chance of falling debris.
Safety is a number one priority in mining, and control of access to dangerous areas considerably helps in reducing safety hazards. Workers involved in underground mining run the risk of accidents due to rock falls, gas explosions, or fire outbreaks. The nature of the access control systems should be such that no unauthorized or untrained personnel can enter the hazardous area without wearing proper equipment and undergoing training.
In open-pit mines, most of the safety hazards fall within the scale of operations with heavy equipment. Large trucks, excavators, and other big machinery pose a great risk to personnel at ground level. The control of the site would ensure that only authorized personnel can enter, and these are persons who are properly trained to work in such environments, thus preventing most accidents.
Apart from the physical environment that incorporates safety risks, there is also a vulnerability in terms of security threats. Mining areas may risk theft, vandalism, or even sabotage if unauthorized access is allowed. Valuable resources, equipment, and data might be stored in mining sites, which could be hot targets for criminal activities. In addition, mining operations sometimes run the risk of organized or insurgent groups seeking to exploit resources in certain regions.
Apart from physical assets, modern mines also face a cybersecurity threat. Mining operations are rapidly adopting digital technologies for process automation, data collection, and remote monitoring. Therefore, cyber threats, such as hacking, ransomware attacks, and data breaches, are a major security concern in the mining industry.
Human error is another significant factor causing accidents and incidents in mining operations. Sometimes, workers involuntarily enter dangerous areas without the necessary equipment or training, or they may fail to adhere to established safety protocols. Effective access control systems should be planned to reduce the likelihood of human error, using automated systems such as biometric scanners that can confirm that individuals meet all eligibility for access to restricted areas.
Access Control for Mining Operations
Access to mining areas in general, both underground and open-pit, needs to be controlled by finding the appropriate solution involving physical security, technical, and reliable safety protocols. The section below will describe a number of the most efficient access control solutions to the challenges and hazards related to access to mines.
Physical barriers and checkpoints are the most basic yet widely applied methods of access control to mine areas. Gates, fences, and barriers may be installed in both underground and open-pit mines to avoid unauthorized entry. Checkpoints manned by security personnel afford another layer of control, allowing access only to authorized persons possessing the necessary credentials who have received the required safety training.
For example, tunnels, shafts, and ramps that provide access can be fitted with doors or gates that open using special access codes, keycards, or RFID Tags. This would ensure access only to authorized personnel in potentially hazardous areas. In open-pit mines, fencing and signage will also keep unauthorized personnel away from dangerous areas where blasting operations are in process or machinery operates.
Automation easily manages access to mine areas with access control systems. Biometric authentication, keycard readers, and RFID verify identity and authorize access to people in certain restricted areas. Such automated systems can interface with employee databases to ensure that only those people with the required training or qualifications enter certain parts of the mine.
Other examples of uses are in underground mines, where biometric systems-including fingerprint or iris scanners-can be mounted at access points to ensure that only authorized personnel enter an area with hazards. Such a system can also interface with PPE monitoring systems to confirm that workers are properly equipped with the right safety gear before they are allowed into high-risk zones.
Vehicle access to the pit areas can also be automated through automatic access control systems in open-pit mines. Drivers can be identified using RFID tags or keycards so that they can enter restricted areas; in this way, unauthorized vehicles cannot enter the site. These systems can also be used to track the movement of vehicles inside the mine to help with traffic management and avoid accidents.
Such monitoring and surveillance systems help secure mining operations and protect them from unauthorized access. CCTV cameras can be installed at access points, along the perimeter, and in high-risk areas of the site to monitor personnel and vehicle movements. These can be linked to the control rooms where security personnel can monitor live footage and take quick actions, if needed, against any potential security breach or safety incident.
Drones and thermal imaging cameras are other advanced surveillance technologies that can be used in addition to the more traditional CCTV systems. With the fitment of high-resolution cameras, drones can be deployed for periodic patrols of the mine site, enabling real-time aerial footage that could be used to detect unauthorized access to the site or to identify potential safety hazards. The so-called thermal imaging cameras are helpful in the continuous temperature check of equipment and can outline symptoms of overheating or fire, thus enabling early intervention before any accident occurs.
CYBERSECURITY
The issue of cybersecurity is important to the protection of physical and digital assets in proximity to mining operations, especially in this increasingly digitized mining environment. Most modern mines use digital systems not only for process automation but also for acquiring data and providing remote monitoring, thus leaving the cyber world vulnerable to hacking, ransomware attacks, and data breaches.
Regarding these threats, mining companies should implement strict cybersecurity measures like firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and encryption. Access to digital systems should be strictly limited through strong authentication methods, such as multi-factor authentication (MFA), so that only authenticated personnel will access sensitive data and control systems.
Secondly, regular cybersecurity audits ought to be conducted to ascertain the probable weak points that may occur within the system. Workers should be trained in best practices for maintaining cybersecurity, such as recognizing phishing emails and not using unauthorized devices on the network. Additionally, mining companies should implement incident response plans that can guarantee immediate and effective responses should there be a cyberattack.
FAQ
What are the primary challenges associated with underground mine access?
Underground mine access presents several key challenges, including the need to ensure the safety of workers in confined and hazardous environments. The risk of accidents from rock falls, gas leaks, and poor ventilation is significant. Additionally, underground mines often have a complex network of tunnels and shafts, making safe navigation difficult. Strict access control systems are essential to managing these hazards, ensuring that only trained and equipped personnel can enter high-risk areas.
How does access control differ between underground and open-pit mines?
Access control differs significantly between underground and open-pit mines due to their distinct environments. Underground mines require strict control to manage risks like toxic gas exposure, rock falls, and poor ventilation, with systems ensuring only authorized, well-equipped personnel can enter. In contrast, open-pit mines face hazards related to large machinery and explosives, so access control focuses on regulating vehicle movement, managing blasting zones, and monitoring environmental conditions to prevent accidents. Both types of mines, however, prioritize safety and security through tailored access control systems.
TAKEAWAY
Access to underground or open-pit mine areas presents a number of challenges and risks that must be carefully managed to make mining safe, secure, and efficient. Effective access control solutions involve physical barriers, automated systems, surveillance technologies, and robust cybersecurity measures to mitigate these risks and protect personnel and assets (continue reading our latest blog post about mine protection).
As the mining industry continues to develop, with growing dependence on digital technologies and automation, the importance of integrating physical and cyber security measures will only continue to increase. Mining companies can protect their operations from both physical and digital threats and minimize the risks associated with accidents that waste valuable resources by adopting an integrated approach to mine access management.
Through the integration of leading-edge access control technologies into strict safety protocols and monitoring, successful and sustainable mining in the long term within an increasingly complex world will be assured.
Sources:
(1) https://www.ey.com/en_gl/industries/energy-resources/mining-metals-cybersecurity
(2) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452321620305904
Author
Michal Wozniakowski-Zehenter, Marketing Manager
Michal Wozniakowski-Zehenter is an experienced marketing and project management professional. He spent most of his career on projects with a strong focus on digital marketing and event management. He is a very active voice representing offshore and mining industries through social media channels. Michal writes mainly about offshore oil and gas, renewable energy, mining and tunnelling. Compiling and sharing the knowledge within industries is one of his goals.
