| Written by Mark Buzinkay
DECLINING MINE EFFICIENCY
In a very insightful mining analysis from 2014, PWC Australia sent out a clear message: Get your equipment productivity right.
The report was based on Australia's declining productivity (2007-2014) and investigated causes and potential solutions to this challenge. Because of the evolution of new technology and mining methods, and combined with projects of ever-increasing scale, the industry was surprised to learn that productivity dropped over time.
PwC's research revealed several key findings of this 'anomaly':
- The global mining industry's equipment productivity has decreased by 20% from 2007 to 2014 despite a push for increased output.
- There is an inherent contest between a productivity plan based on increased volumes and one based on cost reduction.
- Company-wide equipment performance for many international miners shows considerable differences between their best and worst performing mines.
- Productivity is heavily dependent on how people act, more so than the capacity of the equipment employed.
Further reading: Mine Risk Management - Safety equals Productivity
The report concludes that mining companies serious about cost control and productivity need to focus more on their equipment's efficiency. This means stepping beyond short-term cost reduction initiatives and a preoccupation with extra tonnes leaving the mines. Instead, what's happening inside the gates is the key to arresting the industry's productivity decline. PWC says it's about the workforce:
Productivity is heavily dependent on the way people act. For example, a better-rated piece of gear might deliver 5-10% output improvement and require additional capital. Still, changes in the work practices can have 20%+ gains, often at little or no cost. PWC argues that it is not about industrial relations issues that are usually perceived as the primary constraint to productivity. Still, that data shows significant performance differences between mines operating in close proximity, chasing the same commodity, and under similar industrial conditions.
Mine Efficiency: WHAT ABOUT NOW?
According to PwC's 26th Annual Global CEO Survey (1), 41% of CEOs do not believe their companies will be economically viable in ten years if they continue on their current path. The era of critical minerals and good mine efficiency must, therefore, be one of reinvention.
The transition to renewable energy and a low-emissions economy will not be straightforward, nor will changes in the mining industry's composition. In 2022, the Top 40 mining companies delivered a strong financial performance, with a total group revenue of US$711 billion, closely matching the previous year's highs. Their balance sheets remain robust, and debt levels are low. However, EBITDA margins decreased, as expected, due to rising costs and economic uncertainty. The mix of revenue from mining commodities shifted. Coal became the largest contributor to the Top 40's revenue for the first time since 2013, indicating that coal miners still play a crucial role in meeting global energy needs. Nevertheless, the long-term trajectory for coal revenue is undeniably downward.
These trends indicate that miners need to reposition themselves for long-term growth, and the M&A deals they made in 2022 demonstrate that they are leveraging their financial resources accordingly. Critical minerals dominated deal activity last year as miners, both large and small, raced to reshape their portfolios for the global transition to clean energy. Large companies pursued joint ventures and transformational deals, while some smaller miners made multibillion-dollar investments.
MINE EFFICIENCY: HOW TO GET BACK ON TRACK
Maintenance typically makes up some 30-50% of the total operating costs of mining operations. Through experience, corporations prepare for this and plan maintenance and workforce to eliminate sudden downtime. There are several aspects to maintenance:
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Better equipment to reduce the number of maintenance outages.
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Improved maintenance scheduling
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Faster maintenance through improved processes, tools and spare parts
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Switch from reactive and routine maintenance to predictive and proactive maintenance
Maintenance goes down and productivity up if you look at the right product when selecting. In mining projects, there is a thin line between cost and schedule to meet project specifications and deadlines. So in operations, there is a focus on production targets within the yearly budget while continually looking for opportunities to improve performance. This can conflict when choosing reliable products that enable ease of maintenance. Suppose they need traditional joining methods, including welding and fusing. In that case, this requires skilled labour onsite and extensive equipment to be delivered, which can be halted due to harsh conditions or challenging weather. Changing technologies in the project phase, as well as in ongoing operations, can mitigate these problems and drive onsite efficiency.
However, one of the concluding arguments of the PWC analysis was that a mine's full potential would not be achieved if the mining company lacked the right people and skills. Therefore, according to PWC, selecting the right people, particularly at the operational level, can lead to higher productivity. For example, choosing the right candidate can increase equipment output by up to 14 per cent.
The process of training to initially achieve competency and eventually proficiency in any given task requires constant attention. If not done appropriately, skills will be lower or even wane, leading to lower machine productivity in general.
If we combine better processes, improved technology, and better-skilled employees, we can achieve higher machine productivity. Two examples show this relationship very clearly.
Update 2023: Learn about the latest mining safety topics from our expert Geir Nerbø.
MINE EFFICIENCY: BLASTING, SAFETY AND IDLE TIME
One aspect of machines sitting idle is not maintenance but simply waiting for an area to be declared safe to operate. In open-pit operations, a safety zone must be created before a blast. These blast-exclusion zones must be wide enough to avoid flyrock, which can be fatal to humans and damage or destroy assets. In underground operations, a safety zone is also necessary due to gases, dust and potential rock fall that can block tunnels, reduce visibility and decrease breathing (learn more about RFID in mining).
In both scenarios, mining operations require blasting to enable further operations. In underground mining, blast holes are drilled into the surface rock, packed with explosives and detonated. This technique aims to induce cracks in the inner geology of the surrounding rock, making deeper mining possible. In an open-pit blast, large hard rock areas are broken and made easier to load and transport to the processing plants.
The waiting time starts before the blast and ends when the area is declared safe to enter. The scheduled countdown to blasting will be activated as soon as the unsafe site is entirely free of personnel. As mines are expansive and difficult to overview, one of the significant aspects of delaying a scheduled blast is the missing confirmation of all personnel arriving outside the blast impact zone:
- Communication must be established and work with the control centre.
- You need an overview (list) of all personnel operating before the blast in the affected area.
- You need a timely confirmation of every person on the list accounted for outside the blast area.
If one of these parts is missing, a scheduled blast must be stopped, and a search will be conducted to locate the missing personnel. Not knowing where they are means there is a real danger that they are still in the impact zone. Postponing blast delays the use of your machines and decreases their productivity on a big scale.
Further reading: Underground safety by zone coverage.
MINE EFFICIENCY: FEWER INCIDENTS, FEWER DISRUPTIONS
This leads to the second example: incidents. There is a strong correlation between low onsite safety incidents and high production. By making safety a part of mining culture, the workforce can perform at their highest level. This includes machinery, allowing sites to operate at total capacity without stoppage time due to injury or reduced staffing.
Mining companies can achieve reducing incidents by several methods: better and more training, better PPE, increased standards and checks, using (wearable) technology before, during and after incidents to mitigate the effects, and establishing a safety culture. Safety culture is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, and patterns of behaviour that determine the commitment to and the style and proficiency of an organization's safety management.
This is crucial to avoid and mitigate risks and reduce hazards' chances.
Further reading: Lone worker's safety
TAKEAWAY
Due to high investments and running costs, mine efficiency is essential to the mining business. Machinery, processes, technology and the workforce play a role in improving the efficiency of mine production. Productivity gains can be achieved with operational discipline, ongoing productivity initiatives, improving processes and better-skilled personnel. Safety is another aspect of optimizing current production: Streamlining blast operations and reducing incidents to a minimum are two factors that help increase productivity on a big scale without significant investments.
Further reading: Miner tracking for safety.
Dive deeper, browse through our wide selection of articles and learn much more about miner safety!
Sources:
(2) https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/ceo-survey/2023/main/download/26th_CEO_Survey_PDF_v1.pdf
Note: This article was updated on the 10th of May, 2024
